Los Angeles School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Russ. J. Immunol. 1997, April 15, 2 (1), 3-8.
At academic institutions, clinical immunologists are developing training programs and continuing education programs to meet the needs of physician-immunologists and of organ-based specialists with an interest in immunology. Successful interaction between clinical immunology and organ-based subspecialties is important. Training in both the organ subspecialty and in clinical immunology is necessary for appropriate medical care of most immune-released diseases. Although individual countries differ in their approaches to training, examination and certification, there has been substantial progress toward establishing clinical immunology as a clinical subspecialty or as an area of special qualification.